Human resources

The Suntory revolutionary from Mitsubishi Corporation

Takeshi Niinami is probably the most famous alumnus of my alma mater, Mitsubishi Corporation. Born in 1959 and a graduate of Keio (as so many Mitsubishi ‘gentlemen’ are), he started off in sugar trading and after a Mitsubishi Corp sponsored MBA at Harvard, he was involved with the foundation of the Sodexo joint venture in Japan with MC, and then transferred to and ultimately ran the convenience store chain Lawson, which MC had acquired a majority share in.

He was lured to the family run Suntory in 2014 by the grandson of the founder, Nobutada Saji, and has been shaking the place up ever since, much to the consternation of many employees. The revolution was already underway, as Suntory had already announced its $16bn acquisition of US whisky maker Beam and the year before had acquired the UK brands Lucozade and Ribena from GlaxoSmithKline for $1.35bn and in 2009 acquired Orangina Schweppes for $1.97bn.

A former director who worked with him at Lawsons says “there are people who cannot keep up with him. He keeps coming up with new things, and then says do it within a year”. Niinami believes that Suntory will not be able to function well as a global company if it only promotes from within, so has appointed Vincent Ambrosino, formerly CFO of Pepsico Canada as an Executive Officer of Suntory Holdings, in charge of strategy, finance and accounting. He only joined Beam in 2013 as the CFO so this by Japanese standards was seen as meteoric rise to a top position.

Furthermore, Makiko Ono, one of the rare senior Japanese businesswomen in a major company, who had been involved with various collaborations with foreign companies as executive officer of Suntory Food & Beverages, has transferred to Suntory Holdings, to become the GM of global HR. Around 17 people from Suntory Holdings will be seconded to Beam Suntory, with the aim of improving global mobility. Niinami himself announced that he wants to hire more people from outside the company, “including those who have investment experience who were in trading companies” – hiring in his own image, in other words.

Suntory Holdings mid term plan has highly ambitious double digit targets for turnover and profit. It is unlikely this will be reached organically, says Toyo Keizai magazine. More M&A can be expected. Niinami is not likely to slow down.

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What to do about the lack of global jinzai (competence) in Japan

I wholeheartedly agree with the recommendations (particularly the final one) in this Q&A from Professor Hiromi Maenaka of Akita International University, head of Global Studies program, on how Japanese can become more globally competent – summarised by me in English below:

Q: Why are there not many “global jinzai” (globally competent Japanese) in Japan?

A: It’s not just about English ability. At most Japanese schools, teaching focuses on how to answer questions to which there is a clear answer. But if I ask students who have just arrived at university why that answer is correct, they simply say “because I was taught that it was correct.” In real life there are few correct answers. Particularly overseas.

Q: Japanese companies are beginning to realise there is a shortage of global jinzai?

A: As more companies venture overseas, the majority of their production and demand is outside Japan. Acquisitions of and joint ventures with foreign companies have also increased. It has become necessary to work with people who have different nationalities and cultural backgrounds. So Japanese companies have become in urgent and multiple need of global jinzai.

Q: What kind of education is Akita International University providing to develop global jinzai?

A: Our students live alongside foreign students and study abroad on a solo basis. Through this experience, they lose their resistance to thinking and acting for themselves, discussing opinions with other people and making presentations in front of large groups. These are outcomes which companies also value, but there are problems.

Q: What kind of problems?

A: According to HR managers of companies which hire our graduates, compared to universities in the big cities, they seem “hot housed” and “disconnected from the real world”. Even if they are “global jinzai“, they cannot immediately make use of their abilities. I think companies might have to increase their provision of internships to counter this problem.

Q: Isn’t there an increase in opportunities to become “global jinzai” because of collaborations with foreign companies?

A: You have to debate with foreigners if you work with them. The problem for most is that most Japanese people have become used to a way of working whereby you don’t have to put your thoughts into words and feel comfortable in a world where you can communicate through ishin denshin (telepathy).

Q: How should we change?

A: You have to practice being able to say clearly what you think. Americans expect people to say clearly what they are thinking. Even if it is negative. Sometimes you even have to be prepared to have an argument.

Q: This might be bewildering for some people?

A: You have to try to find some common ground. Human emotions and the need to put yourself in someone else’s shoes are the same the world over. Also, the top executives of the company need to make the objective clear. Then employees will have this objective in common and can move forward together. Then both foreigners and Japanese can understand each other and collaborate.

Using Europe as a global pivot

One trend we have noticed in the past few years of observing Japanese companies in Europe is a move away from having global operations either directly managed by Japan HQ or via their US subsidiary. In fact there have been a few cases, usually following a major acquisition of a European company, where the Japan HQ pretty much delegates overseas management functions to the European executive team.

One such example is Asahi Glass. When it decided to set up operations in Brazil in 2013, Japan HQ made a decision to leave local management to their European managers, thereby hoping to avoid the three traps that, according to Nikkei Business, Japanese companies often fall into when entering overseas markets – 1) treating developing markets contemptuously 2) disciminatory hiring and HR practices 3) forcing the “Japanese Way” of doing things. The president of AGC Brazil is Italian – AGC reasoning that they are “both Latin cultures”.

The European team thoroughly investigated the local labour pool and came to the conclusion that there was a severe lack of high level skills, They decided to implement a brand new hiring and training system. Local media publicity attracted applications from 5371 people, which they whittled down to 600 through looking at educational attainment, and then after a written exam, this was further filtered down to 120 candidates.

These 120 candidates were sent on the Brazilian government SENSAI 3 month training scheme. Most continued working, participating in the course from 18:00 to 23:00 at night. Asahi Glass paid the training fees. Many dropped out because of the punishing schedule, and other participants were able to find jobs elsewhere, using the fact that they persisted to the end of the course to enhance their employability. In the end, Asahi Glass hired 33 people – 1% of the original applicants. Even though this may seem ineffecient, they repeated the process 4 times and were able to gather a workforce of 200 people before the factory began operations.

Around 100 of them were then sent to Europe, to factories in Italy, Hungary and France, for around 3 months. In the two years since the factory started operations, hardly anyone has left of their own accord. Some have become managers, and of the original European team of 13, only 7 remain. The Italian president expects that his successor will be Brazilian.

Nikkei Business magazine comments that Japanese companies are not as serious as they should be about hiring and developing people overseas, and that is why they are having problems hiring outside Japan. “Expatriates from Japan do their best, but does Japan HQ really give much priority to HR strategy?”

Fewer women on the boards of Japanese companies in Europe than in Japan

We’ve revised our Top 30 Japanese companies in Europe again. Where possible we have updated the number of employees, which means the Suntory Group is now in the Top 30 along with Konica Minolta (and Kao and Daiichi Sankyo are out). This time we wanted to take a look at the gender and nationality diversity on boards, both in Japan and Europe, and have discovered that there are actually fewer women on the boards of Japanese companies in Europe than in Japan.

Only two out of 19 (10%) of European headquarter boards of Japanese companies have women on them – Astellas and Suntory (the latter including Makiko Ono, an executive in Suntory Japan) and only 3 of the 14 (21%) UK based Japanese companies we looked at (in cases where the European HQ was not in the UK or there were separate European and UK companies in the UK) had women members – Lucite (subsidiary of Mitsubishi Chemical Holding/Mitsubishi Rayon), Komatsu and NTT Data. Komatsu UK’s female director is Keiko Fujiwara, who is the CEO of Komatsu Europe, in Belgium. This contrasts with 13 (43%) out of the Top 30 companies’ boards in Japan having women directors. In case you were wondering, only 6% of FTSE250 companies have no women on them.

4% of the Top 30 Japanese companies in Europe’s board members in Europe and/or the UK are female
6% of the Top 30 Japanese companies in Europe’s board members in Japan are female
8% of the Top 30 Japanese companies in Europe’s board members in Japan are non-Japanese
16% of the board members of the Top 100 listed Japanese companies in Japan are female
19.6% of FTSE250 board members are female

Around 62% of the members of European and UK boards of of the Top 30 Japanese companies are European, on average. Companies whose boards in the UK and Europe only had Japanese directors were Toshiba, Fast Retailing (Uniqlo), Fujifilm and Sharp. Sharp and Toshiba’s troubles are well known. Fast Retailing recently reported struggles in the US market and falling profits in Europe for Uniqlo, Comptoir des Cotonniers and Princess Tam Tam. Fujifilm has made a remarkable transformation from a B2C camera film to a B2B imaging company but the last set of quarterly results, issued last month were deemed “mixed”.

(Note: only main boards, not executive or supervisory boards were analysed, and company secretaries were excluded)

The full chart is here (highlighted means “above average) and can be downloaded here :Top 30 Japanese companies in Europe board diversity Nov 3 2015

Not-so-serious twenty-somethings make the best expats

So says Masato Hikita, director of Headwaters, a consultancy providing services to Japanese SMEs. Headwaters itself sends new graduate recruits off to Vietnam or Dubai for a month or so, to learn how to set up new businesses in foreign countries. The aim is to make them realise that what they assume is common sense in Japan is not necessarily so outside of Japan.

So whilst most Japanese think that “global jinzai” (global human resources) are probably fast track employees in their 30s or above, who speak fluent English, have overseas experience and a willingness to work overseas, Hikita argues that such people are way too good at being excellent in Japan. This means they will take responsibility for pushing forward with projects but also are good at consulting with their colleagues and juniors, are always bright and positive, and serious minded. Unfortunately this has the opposite effect overseas.

When such types go abroad, they want to achieve 100% perfection in their results. However overseas things never go smoothly. The star expat has a lot of pride, so tries their hardest, and puts all the burden on their own shoulders, worrying about how to fulfil headquarters’ expectations. But of course they only end up disappointing headquarters, the more they promise. The headquarters begins to believe that if their ace players can’t win overseas, then maybe they should give up on overseas expansion altogether.

A twenty-something employee will be under less pressure. If they mess up, it’s less of a cost, if they succeed then they’re lucky. Twenty somethings are happy to ask lots of questions, both locally and of Japan headquarters. That way they learn rather than trying to do everything by themselves, and also Japan headquarters become aware of how different things are overseas.

Hikita asked a Japanese person with long overseas experience what kind of employee makes the best expat, and the response was “someone who’s not so serious, who only half listens to what Japan HQ says”. That way, Japan HQ don’t have such high expectations – if 100 is the Japan benchmark, then 50 is good enough.

Finally, and I was relieved to see he did make this point, Japan HQ has to become more globalised itself, by having more non-Japanese employees working there. Again, easier said than done, as I know many European employees of Japanese companies are quite resistant to the idea of working in Japan, assuming that there will be long hours and many stresses on their families. Perhaps the same recipe applies – not so serious twenty somethings might be the place to start!

The Rebirth of the Japanese Office Lady

About 20 years’ ago I wrote an article proclaiming the death of the Japanese Office Lady (OL). The company I was working at, along with many other Japanese companies at the time, had stopped hiring new graduates into the so-called “administrative” track, abolished the OL uniform, and encouraged existing OLs to transfer across to a management track. Future administrative needs would be filled by temporary agency workers.

I was quite pleased about these developments, as the old OL system offended my feminist sensibilities. The companies themselves had ended the OL system more for financial reasons. OLs were meant to join at age 20 or 22 and only stay in the company until their mid twenties, when it was expected they would leave to get married. In the meantime, they cleaned the desks, emptied the bins, made tea for the team, answered the phones and processed the team’s paperwork. By the mid 1990s, however, it became clear that more and more OLs were staying in the company into their late 30s, and due to the seniority-based pay scale, were being paid well over the odds for such basic administrative tasks.

A tough decade followed, for every young Japanese leaving university and trying to find a job, but especially for Japanese women who did not want to join a temping agency. Many joined foreign companies and some braved the management track of mainstream Japanese companies. It was tough for the women who were still in the administrative track too. They often ended up being paid less, as the quasi-management track they had been forced onto was not as seniority based as the administrative track they had been on. Almost all of them were working harder than ever before, as they were now having to manage teams of temporary staff. They had to train a constant stream of new temps, check their work and take the rap for any mistakes the temps made.

I was initially surprised to hear that the administrative track is now being reintroduced at my former company. Apparently the mistakes being made by temps and the strain on the remaining ex-OLs (many of whom who have now taken early retirement) are having a significant impact on the business.

On reflection, it should not have been a surprise. When I conducted a series of customer satisfaction survey interviews with Japanese companies last month, more often than not, the female administrative staff had also been invited to meet with me, and their (mostly male) managers were very careful to ask for their opinion and comments. The Japanese customers expected their criticisms of the administrative capabilities of the supplier company to be taken seriously. Administrative mistakes are not trivial in Japan. Not only are they seen as an indication that there may be problems elsewhere, but there is a view that a small slip can have major consequences.

I was being snobbish in viewing administrative tasks as demeaning, and declaring that it is sexist if women are assigned to such tasks. I doubt I am alone in this prejudice. I wonder how many Western companies would invite their secretaries to participate in customer satisfaction survey meetings.

Namae – or name?

As I mentioned in a previous article, the question of how to address Japanese colleagues or customers is almost always raised in our seminars. I explain that it is indeed a complex issue, but surname-san is the default option. It’s polite enough, particularly if you are not Japanese anyway. However, a Japanese junior often addresses a Japanese senior by their job title – kacho (section chief, the first real manager position in a Japanese company) or bucho (general manager) for example and would address a customer with surname-sama or with their job title.

The new egalitarianism

But this is changing in Japan too. When Kozo Takahashi took over as President of Sharp, he insisted, as part of a major culture change – that from now on, all seniors would be addressed as surname-san, rather than by job title plus dono. As I mentioned when I blogged on this, bucho-dono is rather like calling someone Mr General Manager.

Diamond Online reckons this egalitarian trend started as far back as the late 1980s. New companies that were booming then like Recruit had a culture where all were called surname-san. Still, the older more traditional companies to this day keep to the job title system. I frequently ask my Japanese contacts at our clients what their company culture is like, and some say it even depends which department you are in – whether they stick to the tradition or have moved to surname-san. Diamond Online describes how in one financial services company there are 6 layers of titles from branch manager down, and one young staff member was even scolded for calling a colleague deputy chosayaku when he was a full chosayaku. There is no one translation of chosayaku by the way – I have found ‘assistant to section manager’, ‘assistant manager’ and ‘assistant to director’ in various sources. Google Translate translates it literally as ‘investigation officer’, which yet again proves that Google Translate should not be relied upon. Either way, you can see why you would be quite keen to be called “assistant manager” rather than “deputy assistant manager”.

The disappearing kacho

The term kacho might disappear completely in some companies, Diamond Online asserts in another article. In companies like Sony, which have moved completely away from any kind of seniority based promotion to one based on job roles and competencies, the change has resulted in demotion to “individual contributor” for around half of the 40% of their staff that were previously in management grades. Panasonic is also reviewing its bucho/kacho system and has, in the interests of developing its staff better, decided that managers should have around 7 staff members reporting to them. This is in reaction to having flattened the hierarchy to speed up decision making, only to find that staff development suffered.

My old employer Mitsubishi led the way in the 1980s, by changing the ka (section) and kacho (section chief) system to ‘team’ and ‘team leader’. This was due to the fact that there were too many people in the kacho grade and not enough sections to manage. The resulting dual system – whereby you have a kacho grade but your job role may or may not include managing a team is one that many Japanese companies have since adopted.

Job mobility

Diamond Online reckons whether you stick with the kacho system or get rid of it depends on whether your corporate culture is one where it doesn’t matter if decisions take a long time, so long as no mistakes are made. The kacho system may also have beneficial knowledge sharing and staff development effects. Role and competency based systems are promoted in Japan by foreign consultancies, says Diamond Online, and often adopted by Japanese companies as a way of cutting salaries. It also makes job mobility easier, if you have a better way of measuring your market value.

It would also make international mobility easier (as Hitachi are hoping), if there is a more globally accepted set of job grades and titles. One of my least favourite requests for advice is helping people translate their job titles into Japanese or from Japanese into English. It is a political minefield and can result in yet more meaningless ‘Mr deputy senior assistant director’ type titles, with nobody the wiser as a result. With many caveats therefore, I offer the chart below:

Hiring Japanese speakers

A while ago I thought that my business had expanded sufficiently that I needed to hire someone to support me. However, after three months of recruiting and interviewing, I admit I failed to recruit anyone.

In reflecting on why I have not been able to hire someone, and what I need to do next, I have realised that I am in danger of falling into the same traps that I have often seen Japanese companies in Europe slide into.

The first trap is being attracted to Japanese speakers without considering their skills and your business’s needs more carefully. It’s easy to find Japanese speakers in the UK – there are between 30,000 to 50,000 Japanese people living in the UK now – many are students or expatriates but there are also residents who have settled here, often married to British people.

In addition to this, there are around 6000 members of the Japan Exchange and Teaching programme UK alumni association. These are British or other English speaking nationals who have worked in Japan for 1 to 3 years or more, usually in a school or in local government. Most of them fall in love with Japan as a result, and want to pursue careers where they can continue to have contact with Japan and use their Japanese language ability.

The second trap is to hire Japanese people (usually women) and JET alumni into general office administration roles, somewhat vaguely defined, to cover everything from receptionist to HR to translation work. This often leads to frustration on both sides. Japanese women begin to suspect that they are being treated like second class Office Ladies, and when they complain to their British husbands about the overtime or the menial tasks they are asked to do, their husbands often urge them to raise a grievance dispute with their employer.

JET alumni begin to worry that there is no career progression or professional development. Many of them come to me, asking what they should do, and I always advise – find a profession you feel suited to first, like law or accountancy, and then find a way to connect back to Japan.

In both cases, some of the disappointment can be avoided by having a clear job description and a proper contract, and for the Japanese company to be realistic and open about what kind of expectations both parties should have as to how the job can develop. If possible, they should provide or support training where needed, and remember to revise the job description accordingly, as the employee progresses.

So, to take my own medicine, I need to be more clear and focused on the support skills I need, which is primarily invoicing, chasing payments, paying suppliers and some management accounting (forecasting cash flows etc). This does not require a Japanese speaker, fun though it would be to have a like minded person to work with.

This article was originally written in Japanese for Teikoku Databank News, 1st December 2013 edition. It also appears in Pernille Rudlin’s new book “Shinrai: Japanese Corporate Integrity in a Disintegrating Europe” – available as a paperback and Kindle ebook on Amazon.

Does globalization mean the end of seniority based pay and lifetime employment for Japanese companies?

An HR director at a British multinational recently acquired by a Japanese company told me she was baffled by the response from Japan to her department’s enquiry regarding the company car grade allocation for a group of Japanese expatriate managers being transferred to work in the UK. All they sent back was a list of the managers’ names and their ages, she said.

Of course this is perfectly understandable once you know about the seniority based pay and benefits system in Japanese companies. In European companies, salaries and benefits are based on the job role – how high up the managerial ladder you are and the content of the job – with very little attention paid to age or length of service.

Most of the Japanese subsidiaries I work with in Europe have salary and welfare schemes that are locally appropriate. However there are several aspects of the Japanese HR system which impact employees in Europe, beyond company car grades for expat managers

One aspect is the culture of lifetime employment and the sense of a duty of care for employees. Many Europeans have noticed that Japanese companies are very reluctant to fire even the most poorly performing employee, whether they are European or Japanese. While Europeans are sympathetic to this compassionate stance, they point out it does make performance management for the rest of the team difficult. If poor performers are still on the team, it is demotivating for the other team members.

The other aspect, which is said to be behind Hitachi’s recent announcement that it will end seniority based pay for managers, is that the uniqueness of the Japanese HR system hinders job mobility across borders. Most non-Japanese multinationals try to have an internal vacancy system, where employees in all countries are able to apply for job openings across the world. This necessitates detailed job descriptions, and a certain level of unified grading, so employees can assess which jobs are likely to be open to them.

Europeans find it very confusing that Japanese expatriates are assigned to their offices without any seeming regard for whether they have the right qualifications, skills or experience for the role.

My hope for Japanese companies is that they will send more of their overseas employees to Japan HQ. I suspect the Hitachi announcement, coming as it does after two years of having built up an international database of their employees, is that they too are hoping a more unified system will allow employees to transfer all around the world and not just from Japan, and that this will be based on competency rather than just personal development needs and whose turn it is.

But I have to say I also hope that Japanese companies, if they follow Hitachi’s suit, do not lose their compassion and loyalty towards their employees as they globalize. Despite all the frustrations it brings, Europeans still prefer the long term security of working for a Japanese company.

(This article was originally written in Japanese for Teikoku Databank News and appears in Pernille Rudlin’s new book “Shinrai: Japanese Corporate Integrity in a Disintegrating Europe” – available as a paperback and Kindle ebook on Amazon.)

Hitachi – we’re not heavy, dull or ugly outside Japan

Hitachi is seen as inward looking, conservative and lacking in commercial sense by business people in Japan, but outside Japan it is seen as a motivating place to work, exciting and cool by employees of Hitachi’s overseas subsidiaries such as Hitachi Rail Europe and Hitachi Data Systems, according to Nikkei Business magazine.

Could this help change Hitachi domestically? Currently Hitachi has over 1000 employees with PhDs working for them in Japan, generating many patents, but this technical strength does not seem to be translating into sales. The improvement in profits is largely due to withdrawing from unprofitable businesses such as mobile phones and LCD screens and also the contributions from social innovation business overseas. It is not due to any ground breaking innovation in products or services. It is also seen as being self centred, and not often forming alliances with other companies.

In the rail business however, Hitachi has taken the biggest share of rolling stock orders through to 2019 in the UK. Hitachi first opened an office in the UK for its rail business in 1999, with just one expatriate staffing it. It is now seen as the most powerful train supplier in Europe, according to an executive from Virgin Trains. It has had to completely overhaul its designs however, to cope with the UK’s old fragile railway bridges. Procurement specs for everything from engines, radiators and pumps were reviewed and the body used as much aluminium as possible to lighten the weight. “We were able to use all the expertise we had developed in Japan” says Koji Wagatsuma of Hitachi Rail Europe. “Hitachi’s strength is not just IT, but that we know the operational side of various industries really well”, says Shinya Mitsudomi, CSO of Hitachi Rail Europe.

The other secret of Hitachi Rail’s success is “true delegation”, says the Nikkei. Instead of relying on history and performance within the company, Hitachi has given responsibility to those who know the market best. There is a big difference between the UK and Japanese rail markets, in that the risks taken by the supplier in bids are much greater. It is necessary to guarantee how many people would be needed to run the system per year, and what the lifecycle cost will be.

Alistair Dormer, the CEO, has clearly been a driving force in Hitachi Rail’s success. He likes to hold regular town hall meetings, where he consistently promotes the company’s mission and vision. Ted Yamada, head of HR at Hitachi Rail Europe says “to hire the best people, it’s not just about the remuneration, but to make sure they can get a feel of the kind of company they are working for.” Not only the CEO but also the chairman of Hitachi in Japan, Hiroaki Nakanishi, is a good story teller. As I repeatedly point out in my training sessions, because most Japanese companies are the “family” type, storytelling and parent figures are far more important in giving direction than targets or strategies or policies or structures.

A further feature that Nikkei Business picks up on, is that Hitachi is beginning to pull together virtual company structures, most notably for Hitachi Data Systems. We were moving towards that when I was at Fujitsu – I think IT companies are probably best suited to this kind of organisation – where services have to be provided globally so it makes sense to have teams and hierarchies which span several regions. It does mean a lot of travel to work well – one Hitachi Data Systems director says he has 56 Japan entry stamps on his American passport. Conversely, Japanese engineers travel regularly to the UK and the US.

The feature finishes with an interview with Hiroaki Nakanishi, who comes up with a few punchy quotes. Asked about the impact of Hitachi putting non-Japanese at the top of various regions, he says it has an instant effect on the mindset of the Japanese employees, who now realise that they have to persuade a foreigner of their ideas, so all the “Japanese only” methods they have used in the past will not work. Consequently, decision making and execution have speeded up. Everything in the value chain from marketing to sales, development to production and after sales service have to be overseas. So it’s not possible for Japanese to be seconded abroad and manage everything. Most of the executives are local, non-Japanese. “Before now, Japanese companies would build a factory overseas, but just transfer manufacturing knowhow, and then when it was completed, the head of manufacturing in Japan would fly over and play lots of golf. That’s just no longer feasible.” Since Jack Domme took over at HDS, objectives have been set for individual employees and decision making has become more transparent. HDS is now well regarded by others as a company which would be an enjoyable challenge to work for. “Starting small and growing big is just fooling yourself – there are no dreams or hope in that. People with ambitions will not join such a company” says Nakanishi. “We are still a Japanese company, and so there will be some parts which are difficult for non-Japanese to understand, so not being Japanese might be a bit of a handicap” but maybe no more than Siemens is a German company, or GE is American, Nakanishi adds.

Category: Human resources