Brexit

Japanese financial services companies in the UK

These two pieces of research from Dr Sarah Hall (a professor of economic geography at the University of Nottingham and Fellow of UK in a Changing Europe) and Martin Heneghan confirm what we have seen in our own researches on Japanese financial services companies in the UK. There has not been as drastic a decline in numbers employed by Japanese companies in the sector as expected since Brexit, instead, it has been more of a slight increase, followed by flatlining.

We estimate the numbers employed in the UK by Japanese financial services companies was around 13,400 in 2015/6, rising by around 1,000 to 2019/20, dropping slightly in 2020/21 and then returning to 2019/20 levels the year after. It is hard to be precise about the absolute numbers and trend, as two of the three Japanese megabanks, who employ around 1,000 people each, are branches of their Japan headquarters, so do not issue annual reports in which employee numbers are reported. These two megabanks, Mizuho and MUFG, may come under pressure from the Bank of England to have subsidiaries in the UK too, according to recent rumours.

We estimate there are around 160,000 people employed by Japanese companies in all sectors, so the financial services sector represents less than 10% of this. As of June 2022, 1.06 million people were employed in the UK in the financial services sector in the UK, so Japanese owned companies only represent 1.3% of the total employed in the sector.

The other issue raised by the two pieces of research are whether other EU cities have benefited from any additional growth, which the UK has missed out on. As can be seen from the chart, Toyo Keizai data shows that there was an overall upward trend in the number of Japanese financial services companies in the European region, of around 12% from 2015/6 to 2022/23.  The UK still dominates as a host, and the numbers of companies hosted rose 7% – so below trend. Germany doubled the number of Japanese financial services companies it hosted over the period. The numbers rose sharply in the Netherlands and then dropped. Just as Dr Hall’s research suggests, Ireland, Luxembourg and France seem to have benefited, albeit from a much smaller base.

Toyo Keizai breaks down the sector into banks, trust banking, securities, investment trusts and advisory, commodities, lending and credit, leasing and investment businesses, as well as life and non life insurance and “other” finance. “Other” finance is the sector which showed the most growth for the UK – perhaps fintech and less traditional financial services are included in this. For Ireland the leasing sector, particularly aircraft leasing, is a growth area.  Germany now hosts four Japanese securities companies, from none in 2015/6. The growth and then decline for the Netherlands seems to have been mostly in investment businesses. Luxembourg has gained one or two companies across all sectors.

Given that the rather nebulous “investment businesses” and “other finance” are the two biggest sectors, showing the most growth along with leasing, we agree with Dr Hall’s conclusion that “given the complex interplay of these two factors, we suggest that far from being done, Brexit is being played out within a sector that is itself in a period of profound flux and hence it is likely to be some time before the full impacts of Brexit of UK financial services, and their consequences for wider economic growth, are fully understood.”

Our list of the 94 Japanese financial services companies in the UK, giving their full name, city or town of location, number employed, description of financial services offered and ultimate parent company is available for £10+VAT. Please email us for an invoice.

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Is the UK losing out to the Netherlands as the core of Europe in pharmaceuticals?

The new commissioner of the Netherlands Foreign Investment Agency, Hilde van der Meer, was interviewed in the Nikkei newspaper during her visit to Japan in March 2023.  The headline was “becoming the core of Europe with pharmaceuticals” and she outlines in the interview how multinational pharmaceutical companies have opened offices in the Netherlands since the European Medicines Agency moved to Amsterdam after Brexit.

We took a look at our database and can see that one Japanese pharmaceuticals company, JCR, has recently opened an office in the Netherlands. The other, larger, Japanese pharmaceuticals companies were already in the Netherlands long before the EMA move – such as Astellas, Takeda, Eisai, and Daiichi Sankyo. Chugai does not have operations there – its European HQ is still in the UK – but its parent company, Swiss pharmaceuticals company Roche, does have a subsidiary there. Otsuka opened a company in the Netherlands in 2018, which acts as a Marketing Authorization Holder for the EU and in the same year closed its Otsuka Europe Development and Commercialization operation in the UK. Shionogi also opened a subsidiary in the Netherlands in 2018, and the UK subsidiary became a branch of it at the same time, so this  may also have been a result of the EMA move. Takeda UK also became a branch in 2018 – but more as a result of the acquisition of Shire, and a subsequent global reorganisation.

This does not seem to have had much impact on the 46 or so Japanese pharmaceuticals and healthcare companies in the UK, however, in terms of numbers employed. We estimate they were employing around 5,000 people in 2022, and this number has grown rather than shrunk since 2016, despite the closure of some smaller companies – Taisho, Anges, Kosei and Summit. Companies which have grown in the UK include Fujifilm Diosynth, now employing over 1,000 people and Eisai, compensating for those which have shrunk their UK presence.

The UK may have lost some influence, but in terms of scale, it is still substantial.

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Japanese automotive supplier Nitto Denko to stop production in UK

Japanese automotive supplier Nitto Denko is to stop production in UK and will turn its UK operation into a satellite office. According to their annual report this is due to the global decline in automotive markets, the pandemic, the semi conductor shortage and Brexit.

Nitto Denko UK employed 138 people at a 2017/8 peak. This is now down to 50 in 2021/2.

Nitto Denko’s EMEA headquarters in Belgium, with a turnover of 360 million euro in fiscal year 2019-2020 employing around 1,725 across Europe.

Nitto Denko has manufacturing and converting operations in Belgium, Czechia, Hungary and Turkey and sales offices elsewhere, manufacturing and selling films, foam, fabric, sealing materials, reinforcing and damping materials and various kinds of industrial adhesive tapes which are used in worldwide markets such as automotive, electronics, furniture, paper production, aerospace and metal processing.

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Koyo Bearings Europe changes name to JTEKT Automotive England

Koyo Bearings Europe in the UK has changed its name to JTEKT Automotive England. It decided in 2021/2 to stop serving European market and transfer some production to continental Europe. UK employees at Koyo Bearings Europe have fallen to 205 from 279 in 2016. Koyo UK has become JTEKT Sales UK and has 20 employees.

JTEKT ‘s European headquarters is in the Netherlands, coordinating 28 subsidiaries across the region, employing 6,699 people in 2022 – of whom 365 are in the UK, across 4 subsidiaries.

Koyo was the bearings brand name of JTEKT since Toyoda Machine Works and Koyo Seiko merged in 2006 to form JTEKT. Now all businesses and brands are being rebranded to JTEKT globally.

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Top 30 Japanese companies in the UK – what’s changed over five years

The total number of UK employees of the top 30 Japanese company groups fell 2.6% from 2019/20 to 2020/2021 – a strengthening of the downward trend in employee numbers since 2018/9. The peak of employment by the 30 largest Japanese company groupings in the UK was 97,827 in 2018/9 and this has now fallen by 5,000 to 92,851 employees. The top 30 represent around two thirds of the 137,000 people employed by 1,200+ Japanese companies in the UK.

It’s taken longer than usual to compile the top 30 Japanese companies in the UK for FY 2020, because some of the biggest employers have been very late in filing their accounts at Companies House. Like their Japanese parents, most Japanese companies in the UK run their financial year from April to March.  We are defining the financial year as the year in which the majority of trading took place. So if FY2020 ended in the first half of 2021, companies then have nine months to file with Companies House, which would mean filing at the beginning of 2022. Some companies (we are looking at you NEC) did not file until the beginning of 2023, however.  In most cases this seem to have been due to a mixture of the impact of the pandemic, coinciding with major acquisitions and restructuring.

2020/21 was the first year after the UK left the EU, on January 31 2020, so it may seem too early to assess the impact of Brexit. But as has been noted in this blog many times before, Japanese companies are risk averse, long term planners, so actually many of the plans were already in place and in progress, largely based on worst case scenarios. There is also a longer term trend of a shift from manufacturing (particularly automotive manufacturing) to services, in terms of who is in or out, or up or down the top 30.

Who’s shrinking

The company groups with above average decreases in employee numbers were MUFG (-21.91%), Konica Minolta (-20.13%)  and Denso (-18.8%). MUFG Bank is a branch of MUFG Bank Europe NV, however, so there is no official figure for the number of employees in London. The decrease is largely based on the reports that MUFG offered 500 managers of its 1500 staff redundancy in 2019 and that this would have fed through by FY2020.  It’s perfectly possible, however, that MUFG were simultaneously hiring more staff in other areas. There are another 670 or so employees at MUFG Securities, which is incorporated in the UK and shares an office with MUFG Bank. There are a further 250 so in a separate London office housing Mitsubishi UFJ Trust, Trust and Banking and Asset Management. MUFG usually says it has “around 2000” employees in London.

Konica Minolta acquired various UK companies before Brexit, but since Brexit has shrunk down and consolidated its operations in the UK and is focusing more on their European HQ in Germany and also the Czech Republic.  The longer term trend of shifting away from manufacturing in the UK, to manufacturing elsewhere in Europe is seen at Denso, the Toyota group automotive parts manufacturer – UK employee numbers peaked in FY2018, and have been falling since, and are now 27.5% below the FY2014 level, whereas employment in the rest of the region is up 4.3% and global employee numbers, excluding UK, have risen 16% since FY2014.

Who’s growing

Company groups with the strongest growth over FY2019/20 to FY2020/21 were SoftBank, Mitsubishi Electric and Panasonic. SoftBank was fulfilling its promise to the Takeover Panel to double its UK workforce to 3,500 people in the UK after acquiring ARM in 2016, but it has recently become clear that it has since lost 40% of those it hired and there are now around 2,800 people at ARM in the UK. This will not be reflected until the 2021/22 reports.

Mitsubishi Electric is also, like MUFG, a branch of a European HQ in the Netherlands, so the employee total is an estimate, but it employs nearly 1,500 people at its air conditioning company and factory in Scotland, which is a UK incorporated company.  Air conditioning has been a high growth area for several Japanese manufacturers in Europe.

Panasonic‘s growth is due to the acquisition of American software company Blue Yonder, which has around 300 employees in the UK. The bulk of Panasonic’s employees are in Panasonic UK and Panasonic Business Support Europe, which are both branches of Panasonic Marketing Europe in Germany – in Panasonic UK’s case since 2011. The European HQ was moved from the UK to the Netherlands in 2018 and it has not been disclosed what the trends in employment in these UK operations has been since then. The website says it employs over 400 people in its Bracknell offices, which is considerably lower than the 1,389 employees it had in 2018/9. If these figures can be regarded as comparable, then Panasonic has actually shrunk in the UK over the past few years, despite the Blue Yonder acquisition.

The top 3

Less significant changes in employee totals have resulted in a reshuffle of the top 3. The Hitachi group was the largest employer in the UK in FY2020, taking over from Nissan, which dropped to #3. Itochu moved up from #3 to #2. In Hitachi’s case, the growth was at Hitachi Energy (the recently acquired ABB power grids business), Hitachi Solutions and what was Hitachi Capital. The latter may have to be dropped from the total in future years as Hitachi now only owns 27% of it, and it has been renamed Mitsubishi HC Capital.  Similarly 51% of Hitachi Construction Machinery is being sold to Itochu and Japan Industrial Partners, so it will leave the Hitachi group.

Itochu has considerable presence in the UK thanks to its acquisition of Kwik-Fit, with over 5,000 employees in FY2020 and Stapleton’s Tyres, with over 1,000 employees. There were rumours that Itochu was considering the sale of Stapleton’s and Kwik-Fit in 2020, but nothing seems to have developed since.

Key changes compared to FY2015

Five years’ ago, Fujitsu was the largest Japanese corporate group in the UK, with 9,892 people. It has lost 3,000 employees since, and was the fourth largest Japanese group in the UK in FY2020. As of FY2021, Fujitsu has 6,348 employees in the UK, 45% down on FY2016, compared to a 21% decrease globally, excluding the UK.  Growth at Fujitsu has been in India (and Fujitsu’s CTO is Indian) and in its global delivery centres in countries such as Poland and the Philippines.

Honda was at #3 in FY2015 and had already fallen to #5 by FY2020 – before Swindon closed in July 2021. The closure of the Swindon plant will mean that Honda drop out of the top 30.

Companies that have dropped out of the top 30 since FY2015 include Calsonic Kansei, which is now Marelli, since merging with Italy’s Magneti Marelli, with KKR as the main shareholder. KKR is American, but it is KKR Japan that has the stake. Marelli has over 1,700 employees in the UK, so maybe we should keep it in the top 30. The Marelli website indicates the global headquarters is in Japan – but the management team has plenty of non-Japanese on it. It’s another example of how it has become increasingly complex to define what a Japanese company is.

Another automotive company to drop out of the top 30 is Yazaki. It had 1,345 employees in the UK in FY2015, and now has 890. Olympus has just dropped out of the top 30, not due to shrinkage so much (it had 1,362 employees in FY2015 and now has 1,389) as other companies growing more. JTI (Japan Tobacco International) has also dropped out of the top 30, since the closure of its Gallaher factory in Northern Ireland in 2017.

Newcomers to the top 30 over the past five years are:

• NTT following their acquisition and consolidation of many IT services companies including Dimension Data, itelligence, Everis and Keane
• Outsourcing, who have acquired various recruitment and outsourcing companies in the UK 
• NEC, who acquired Northgate Public Services
• Mizuho – who expanded organically – but total employees are an estimate, as Mizuho Bank is a branch of Japan

Predictions for 2021/2

Around two-thirds of the 1200+ Japanese companies in the UK have filed their annual reports for 2021/2.  The data from these reports suggests a further 10,000 drop (-7.6%) in employment numbers, from 137,000 to 126,000.  4,000 of this will be due to the closure of Honda’s Swindon plant, and a further 750 or so due to the closure of related automotive companies.  For the top 30, there looks to be an overall decline in employee numbers, apart from Toyota.

There have been no major acquisitions in the past couple of years so we do not expect there to be any new entrants to the Top 30. The shift to services will continue, as will the increasing lack of transparency as to how many people are actually employed in the UK by Japanese companies, thanks to many of the UK operations becoming branches, with the shift of the regional headquarter functions to the EU.

Click the link below for a free pdf of the Top 30 Japanese employers in the UK:

FREE DOWNLOAD OF TOP 30 JAPANESE EMPLOYERS IN UK

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Continued fall in UK employment by Japanese companies

Around a half of the 1,100 or so Japanese companies in the UK have filed their annual reports for the financial year 2021/2. Most paint a positive picture of recovery from the pandemic and resilience to any impact from Brexit. However, the employee totals show a more worrying trend emerging.

Overall, the total number employed by those Japanese companies in the UK who have reported their results has fallen by 8% over the past year. This is an acceleration of a decline which started three years ago – employee numbers had fallen 3% the previous year, and 2% the year before that. This was preceded by a couple of years of growth from 2016/7 to 2018/9. Projected, this suggests that the number of people employed by Japanese companies in the UK will fall to 158,000 by the end of the financial year 2021/2, below the 161,000 that were employed by Japanese companies in 2016/7 and a 14,000 drop on the numbers employed in 2020/1.

A number of factors might be behind this rise to 2018/9, followed by a fall, and more recently a sharp fall. It could be that Japanese companies continued to invest in growing their UK businesses, until the likely Brexit deal became clearer towards the end of 2019, and then the impact of Brexit played out after 31 January 2020 through to when the transition arrangements ended on December 31 2020.

It could also be that Japanese companies laid off people during the pandemic (although the decline in employment started before early 2020 in some sectors) and then were hit further by the Great Resignation in the past year.

It is certainly partly due to the impact of Honda closing its Swindon factory in July 2021. That meant the loss of nearly 3,000 jobs and it looks likely a further 5,000 jobs will have been lost in the automotive sector over the past year – many of which were dependent on Honda.  The decline in employment in the automotive sector began in 2018/9, a year or two before other sectors began to lose jobs.

So what about the 6,000 jobs that look to be disappearing in other sectors?  Finance seems to have stayed steady, even growing slightly, employing around 14,000 people, but non-financial services, after years of high growth, are beginning to show a decline, maybe by 1,000 or so to around 55,000.

Wholesale (not including automotive), having grown strongly to 2019 has dropped around 5,000 or so jobs in the past couple of years, employing around 38,000 people. This could be reflection of the change in structure of Japanese wholesalers in Europe, who have moved their EU logistics and warehousing to the continent. There are also another 1,000 or so jobs likely to be lost in non-automotive manufacturing sectors.

We have not been able to publish a final Top 30 UK for 2020/2021 of the largest Japanese corporate groups, as there are still outstanding annual reports due to be filed at Companies House for NTT and NEC. Taking both of those groups out, it seems the biggest employers are cutting back, deliberately or through passivity, on their employee numbers in the UK. The decline represents around 5,000 jobs, 5% of the 97,000 who were employed by the big corporate groups in 2019/20, and it seems likely the total will fall further in 2021/2022. This is not just because of the Honda Swindon closure feeding through, but also from factoring in the 700 or so fewer staff at SoftBank-owned ARM, down from the 3,700 peak a year or so ago, when it fulfilled its 2016 promise to double its workforce in the UK.

The key question, particularly for Brexit watchers, is whether this decline in employment by Japanese companies in the UK is also occurring in the rest of the region. The Top 30 Japanese companies in Europe, Middle East and Africa employed around 577,000 people as of the annual reports for the year ending 2022. The data for Yazaki is yet to come in, but for the remaining 29 companies (which includes Honda), there was a 2% increase in employees in the region. Without the loss of 4,500 jobs at Honda UK companies, this would have been a 3% increase. So while EMEA has seen gradual growth in numbers employed by Japanese companies in the past couple of years, the UK has seen an accelerated decline. 

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The post-Brexit branchification of the UK for Japanese companies in Europe

The latest Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs data reveal that the number of Japanese businesses in the EU rose a further 2% from 2020 to 2021, to 8,464, up 28% on ten years ago.  The only EU country to show any decline was Belgium. The picture for the UK is rather different – an 11% decrease on ten years ago, from 1,083 businesses to 960. There has been a slight pick up in the past two years, from a low of 951 in 2019. 

The branchification of the UK

Digging further into the detail – and comparing the UK to other major hosts of Japanese companies such as Germany, France and the Netherlands – reveals some possible factors in this divergence. The numbers of businesses started in the UK by Japanese nationals showed the biggest decline. This could be because the businesses were bought out, the founder retired and shut down the company – or perhaps became British.

There is also a confirmation of a trend we noticed previously, that the number of subsidiaries incorporated in the UK has fallen, but at the same time there has been an increase in the number of UK branches of European subsidiaries of Japanese companies. This probably includes those operations which were incorporated subsidiaries but have now become branches of the European HQ in Germany or the Netherlands – such as Sony, Panasonic, Nikon, Bridgestone and Alps Alpine.

Switching to becoming a branch was partly a reaction to Brexit but in the former two cases may also have been a precautionary measure because of the change in Japanese tax haven laws. As we noted previously, the UK’s 2016 “open for global business” announcement that the corporation tax rate would fall to 17% in 2020 (it didn’t) would have meant that revenue from dividends and royalties received in the UK would be considered as tax avoidance by the Japanese tax authorities.

The decline in Japanese businesses in the UK had set in as early as 2012, long before Brexit, but accelerated after Brexit – it precipitated trends that were already there, and prompted Japanese companies to do some long overdue regional consolidation and tidying up.

This branchification of the UK and regional consolidation is reflected in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs data for Germany – the number of branches of Japan HQ in Germany has fallen by 45% and the number of incorporated subsidiaries has risen by 21% over the past 10 years. There has also been a significant decline, as in the UK, of the number of businesses started by Japanese nationals resident in Germany.

As for the Netherlands, there has been a quintupling of the number of business classified as “uncategorised” from 61 in 2015 to 393 in 2021. These may be brass plate type holding companies. All other categories (incorporated subsidiaries, branches of regional subsidiaries and joint ventures/investments) have increased as well, apart from branches of Japan HQ (which may have now become subsidiaries) and those started by Japanese nationals in the Netherlands. There was an overall rise of 86% of Japanese businesses in the Netherlands since 2015.

Cars for cheese?

The number of Japanese companies in France only increased by 3% since 2015, but this conceals significant changes in the composition of those businesses – the number of branches of Japan HQ has dropped 45%, the number of incorporated subsidiaries has also fallen, by 31%, whereas there has been a significant increase in joint ventures and part investments, as well as businesses started by Japanese nationals in France. This is particularly marked since 2019, when the EU-Japan Economic Partnership agreement entered into force. Perhaps the “cars for cheese” deal encouraged Japanese nationals to set up food exporting businesses in France.

* Some notes on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs data: “Companies” include branches of the Japanese parent company, subsidiaries incorporated in Europe, branches of those subsidiaries, companies started overseas by Japanese nationals and joint ventures/investments of 10% or more equity stake. There is no detailed break down by type of organisation for 2018, when MoFA changed their methodology.

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